Roman Sources for the History of American Catholicism: A New Perspective
Matteo Binasco
Since September 2014 I have been involved in a new exciting research project, supervised by Professor Kathleen Sprows Cummings in cooperation with Professor Luca Codignola and Professor Matteo Sanfilippo, which aims to prepare a guide to Roman archival sources related to the history of American Catholicism for the period from 1763 until 1939.
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| View of Rome, taken just outside the Archives of Propaganda Fide |
Fish's Guide opened a research path that, since the mid-1960s, has been progressively expanded thanks to the research carried out by a series of American, Canadian, and Italian historians who have worked in the main religious archives of Rome, namely the Vatican Secret Archives and the archives of the Sacred Congregation "de Propaganda Fide." The latter was the Roman ministry founded in 1622 to oversee missionary activity in Protestant and non-Christian regions. These investigations resulted in the publication of articles, books, and essays, but also guides, among which L'Amérique du Nord française dans les archives religieuses de Rome, published in 1999, stands out.[1] This guide, which covers the years from 1600 to 1922, provides the best overview of the Roman sources for the history of the Catholic church in Canada to date and includes a number of items of interest for US historians.
Yet, up until now, there has been no guide specifically devoted to the Roman sources for the history of American Catholicism for the period 1763-1939. The two chronological limits correspond to the end of the Seven Years' War (1756-63) - which substantially altered the political and religious pattern of North America - and the beginning of World War II, the date after which the majority of the holdings within the religious archives in Rome are closed for consultation. This longer period is of crucial importance because it permits us to understand and assess the different phases experienced by American Catholicism, from its establishment and development to its rise as a global phenomenon.
The guide I have been compiling aims to be a new research instrument for both established historians and graduate students who must draw on the Roman material for their researches. It will provide three key pieces of information: 1) contacts details of the archives, that is, their address, phone numbers, email addresses, websites, names of the current archivists, and modality of access; 2) a brief history of the archives and of the institutions associated with them; 3) a description of the holdings with special regard to American Catholicism, mentioning some exemplary documents.
Given the large number of archives which are in Rome and which I had to opportunity to visit during this year, it is rather difficult to emphasize which depository is more important rather than another. However, I would like to emphasize the wealth of material for the history of American Catholicism contained in the "minor" archives. By "minor" I mean archives which have been overlooked by the majority of the historians who instead have devoted their attention to the Vatican Secret Archives or to the Archives of Propaganda.
One example of the potentialities offered by these "minor" archives is provided by the Abbey of St. Paul Outside the Walls. This preserves the correspondence of the Irish Benedictine Dom Bernard Smith (1812-92). He had a prominent role in Rome, where he acted as pontifical agent for a number of Australian, English, Irish, and North American bishops and clerics from the early 1840s until the late 1880s. Smith corresponded with the majority of the American bishops. His letters are literally a goldmine for reconstructing the development and expansion of the most prominent American dioceses. Beyond the members of the hierarchy, Smith also established links with influential lay people. One of them was Henry Seton (1839-1927), second son of William and Emily Seton and captain of the Unionist Army, who, at mid-July 1862, funneled to Smith a report on the Civil War from Virginia, stressing how "[t]his is a war to the death - no compromise."[2]
The archives of St. Paul Outside the Walls also contain a bundle of letters written by Paolo Marella, an Italian cleric who worked as auditor at the apostolic delegation of Washington during the years from 1922 to 1933. One of his letter provides a very funny perspective that the Italian people had on the Americans during that period. Indeed, in a letter dated March 1922, Marella stated: "[I]t is full of Protestants of any sect. When I see the boys on the street I pity to think that the great majority of them are heretic," and, "there is no noise as in Rome; cars rarely honk the horn, the traffic is regulated by the police." (Researchers will have a chance to verify whether Marella's commentaries still apply to today’s Rome!) [3]
Other interesting material has been found in the archives of the Capuchins. These contain information on the history of the American provinces from the mid-nineteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century. Beyond the traditional requests for financial support or permissions to found new convents, the documentation offers an insight into the impact of the Capuchins' activity among the American people. Of particular interest is a letter that, in 1917, James Malone, the Senator from Kansas, sent to Rome on the issue of the Capuchins' whiskers. Malone recounted that the Capuchins were seldom recognized or invited to participate in the public functions of the communities. According to him, the only reason for this was their beards, because "the appendage on their face, which the people refer to as hairy entanglements, are repulsive to the American idea of appearance."[4]
Given the impressive amount of material which is in Rome, I could offer many more examples in order to emphasize how the "Roman" perspective is an essential avenue for understanding the transnational dimension of American Catholicism. At present I am completing my research on the archives and, at the same time, I am drafting the descriptions of the depositories examined. We intend for this guide to simplify access for historians to the archives of Rome, which will hopefully enrich the challenging and stimulating field of American Catholic Studies. Beyond being a new research tool, this guide might be used as platform for developing new projects in other areas, periods, and themes in Catholic history, thus demonstrating the global dimension of the material which is preserved in the "Eternal City."
[1] Pierre Hurtubise, Luca Codignola, and Fernand Harvey eds., L'Amérique du Nord française dans les archives religieuses de Rome, 1600-1922 (Québec: Les Éditions de l'IQRC, 1999).
[2] Letter of Captain Henry Seton to Bernard Smith, 17 July 1862, Suffolk, Archivio Storico di s. Paolo [thereafter ASSP], serie Monaci dell'Ottocento, shelf no. 27, palchetto c, Smith II, 1862-1876, not foliated nor paginated.
[3] Paolo Marella to ?, March 1922, ASSP, shelf no. 19, palchetto c, Miscellanea, "E’ pieno di Protestanti di ogni setta. Quando vedo i ragazzi per le strade mi fa pena il pensare che gran parte di essi sono eretici. Non c’è qui il chiasso di Roma: gli automobili non suonano la tromba che raramente: il traffico è regolato dai poliziotti."
[4] Letter of John Malone, senator of Kansas, to the Capuchins' Minister General, Herndon, Kansas, 16 August 1917, Archivio Generale dei Frati Minori Cappuccini, series G97, Provincia Pennsylvanica, Sectio XIII, not foliated nor paginated.
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| Urban College of Propaganda Fide, near archives |
The guide I have been compiling aims to be a new research instrument for both established historians and graduate students who must draw on the Roman material for their researches. It will provide three key pieces of information: 1) contacts details of the archives, that is, their address, phone numbers, email addresses, websites, names of the current archivists, and modality of access; 2) a brief history of the archives and of the institutions associated with them; 3) a description of the holdings with special regard to American Catholicism, mentioning some exemplary documents.
Given the large number of archives which are in Rome and which I had to opportunity to visit during this year, it is rather difficult to emphasize which depository is more important rather than another. However, I would like to emphasize the wealth of material for the history of American Catholicism contained in the "minor" archives. By "minor" I mean archives which have been overlooked by the majority of the historians who instead have devoted their attention to the Vatican Secret Archives or to the Archives of Propaganda.
 |
| Letter from Capt. Henry Seton to Dom Bernard Smith, 1862 |
One example of the potentialities offered by these "minor" archives is provided by the Abbey of St. Paul Outside the Walls. This preserves the correspondence of the Irish Benedictine Dom Bernard Smith (1812-92). He had a prominent role in Rome, where he acted as pontifical agent for a number of Australian, English, Irish, and North American bishops and clerics from the early 1840s until the late 1880s. Smith corresponded with the majority of the American bishops. His letters are literally a goldmine for reconstructing the development and expansion of the most prominent American dioceses. Beyond the members of the hierarchy, Smith also established links with influential lay people. One of them was Henry Seton (1839-1927), second son of William and Emily Seton and captain of the Unionist Army, who, at mid-July 1862, funneled to Smith a report on the Civil War from Virginia, stressing how "[t]his is a war to the death - no compromise."[2]
The archives of St. Paul Outside the Walls also contain a bundle of letters written by Paolo Marella, an Italian cleric who worked as auditor at the apostolic delegation of Washington during the years from 1922 to 1933. One of his letter provides a very funny perspective that the Italian people had on the Americans during that period. Indeed, in a letter dated March 1922, Marella stated: "[I]t is full of Protestants of any sect. When I see the boys on the street I pity to think that the great majority of them are heretic," and, "there is no noise as in Rome; cars rarely honk the horn, the traffic is regulated by the police." (Researchers will have a chance to verify whether Marella's commentaries still apply to today’s Rome!) [3]
Other interesting material has been found in the archives of the Capuchins. These contain information on the history of the American provinces from the mid-nineteenth century to the early decades of the twentieth century. Beyond the traditional requests for financial support or permissions to found new convents, the documentation offers an insight into the impact of the Capuchins' activity among the American people. Of particular interest is a letter that, in 1917, James Malone, the Senator from Kansas, sent to Rome on the issue of the Capuchins' whiskers. Malone recounted that the Capuchins were seldom recognized or invited to participate in the public functions of the communities. According to him, the only reason for this was their beards, because "the appendage on their face, which the people refer to as hairy entanglements, are repulsive to the American idea of appearance."[4]
Given the impressive amount of material which is in Rome, I could offer many more examples in order to emphasize how the "Roman" perspective is an essential avenue for understanding the transnational dimension of American Catholicism. At present I am completing my research on the archives and, at the same time, I am drafting the descriptions of the depositories examined. We intend for this guide to simplify access for historians to the archives of Rome, which will hopefully enrich the challenging and stimulating field of American Catholic Studies. Beyond being a new research tool, this guide might be used as platform for developing new projects in other areas, periods, and themes in Catholic history, thus demonstrating the global dimension of the material which is preserved in the "Eternal City."
[1] Pierre Hurtubise, Luca Codignola, and Fernand Harvey eds., L'Amérique du Nord française dans les archives religieuses de Rome, 1600-1922 (Québec: Les Éditions de l'IQRC, 1999).
[2] Letter of Captain Henry Seton to Bernard Smith, 17 July 1862, Suffolk, Archivio Storico di s. Paolo [thereafter ASSP], serie Monaci dell'Ottocento, shelf no. 27, palchetto c, Smith II, 1862-1876, not foliated nor paginated.
[3] Paolo Marella to ?, March 1922, ASSP, shelf no. 19, palchetto c, Miscellanea, "E’ pieno di Protestanti di ogni setta. Quando vedo i ragazzi per le strade mi fa pena il pensare che gran parte di essi sono eretici. Non c’è qui il chiasso di Roma: gli automobili non suonano la tromba che raramente: il traffico è regolato dai poliziotti."
[4] Letter of John Malone, senator of Kansas, to the Capuchins' Minister General, Herndon, Kansas, 16 August 1917, Archivio Generale dei Frati Minori Cappuccini, series G97, Provincia Pennsylvanica, Sectio XIII, not foliated nor paginated.
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